Preface
While this publication has been informed by the Recognition scheme for subject benchmark statements, published by the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (QAA), it has also taken account that subject benchmark statements that are specific to the Scottish higher education sector are handled by QAA Scotland and are subject to a separate process and consultation.
Subject benchmark statements provide a means for the academic and professional communities to describe the nature and characteristics of programmes in a specific subject. They also represent general expectations about standards for the award of qualifications at a given level and state the attributes and capabilities that those possessing such qualifications should be able to demonstrate.
Subject benchmark statements are used for a variety of purposes. Primarily, they are an important external source of reference for higher education institutions when programmes are being designed, developed and reviewed in a subject area. They provide general guidance for articulating the learning outcomes associated with specific programmes but are not a specification of a detailed curriculum in the subject. Subject benchmark statements provide for variety and flexibility in the design of programmes and encourage innovation within an agreed overall conceptual framework.
Finally, subject benchmark statements may be one of a number of external reference points that are drawn upon for the purposes of enhancement-led institutional review. Reviewers do not use subject benchmark statements as a crude checklist for these purposes; however, they are used in conjunction with the relevant programme specifications and the institution's own internal evaluation documentation, in order to enable reviewers to come to a rounded judgement based on a broad range of evidence.
This subject benchmark statement is subject to future revision that reflects developments in Initial Teacher Education (ITE), the experience of higher education institutions in utilising the statement, and the evolving nature of teaching in Scotland.
Foreword
The General Teaching Council Scotland (GTCS) and QAA Scotland are delighted to publish this updated Standard for Initial Teacher Education (SITE) in Scotland. The SITE is essentially an update of the original version published by both organisations in 2000.
The SITE has become an essential element of the overarching framework of professional standards for teacher education in Scotland which also includes the Standard for Full Registration, the Standard for Chartered Teacher and the Standard for Headship. This means that there is now a firm statement of standards covering the professional development of teachers in Scotland.
The SITE specifies what is expected of a student teacher at the end of ITE, seeking provisional registration with the GTCS.
It is based on a vision of the newly qualified teacher who can function as an effective teacher and is committed to professional development, professional reflection and professional enquiry. The new teacher is able to engage collaboratively with colleagues in the profession, with other groups and agencies, and with the various members of the communities served by education.
Because the SITE relates to the higher education sector, it was originally developed and published jointly by the GTCS and QAA, and this link has been maintained.
As part of the review process, a wide ranging consultation exercise was completed with online comments invited, focus groups held across the country and extensive discussions within the various stakeholder communities. These exercises have led to this new publication.
The joint publication of the SITE stresses the collaborative approach and the mutual consensus there is in Scotland towards teacher education.
These developments have taken place within the Quality Enhancement Framework (QEF) developed by QAA Scotland in partnership with the Scottish higher education sector, Universities Scotland, the Scottish Funding Council, the National Union of Students Scotland and the Higher Education Academy. Among other things, the QEF aims to support the identification, sharing and dissemination of good practice in learning and teaching, and to focus on the continuous enhancement of the student experience. This includes the development of new qualifications and new ways of learning in higher education for a student population whose demographics are changing.
The development of the subject benchmark statement supports the enhancement approach in many ways. It addresses the changing needs of students and changing nature of the student population by providing a robust framework for developing future qualifications that produce competent, reflective practitioners delivering effective education for Scotland's children and young people. For teaching, key principles underpinning the statement are that ITE programmes should encourage teachers to be lifelong learners and reflective practitioners, equipped to develop effective career planning skills, with resulting 'career resilience', throughout life.
The subject benchmark statement has also been established within the context of the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework and describes qualifications at level 10.
1 Introduction
1.1 The SITE specifies what is expected of a student teacher at the end of ITE, seeking provisional registration with the GTCS. It is the first in a suite of standards which provide a framework for the professional development of teachers throughout their careers. The other standards are the Standard for Full Registration, the Standard for Chartered Teacher and the Standard for Headship.
1.2 The elements of the SITE provide a comprehensive and unitary set of benchmark statements which are the requirements for each programme of ITE in Scotland.
The vision
1.3 The benchmark information is based on a vision of the newly qualified teacher who, having successfully completed a programme in ITE in Scotland, can function as an effective teacher, is committed to professional development and reflection, professional enquiry and is able to engage collaboratively with colleagues in the profession, with other groups and agencies, and with the various members of the communities served by education. The benchmark information directly informs the process of designing suitable programmes of study. There will be a clear relationship between benchmark information and criteria for assessment.
1.4 Attention has been paid to the identification of the distinctive features expected of student teachers who have successfully completed programmes of ITE in Scotland. The benchmark information therefore specifies the standard of skills, abilities, knowledge, understanding and values which programmes should address and assess. This is the SITE in Scotland.
The educational framework
1.5 The SITE is defined in terms of subject benchmark statements which belong to the suite of such statements published by QAA, but also takes account of:
- the professional nature of programmes of ITE which entail both academic and practical elements
- the Accreditation and Review Procedures of the GTCS
- the subject benchmark statement for education studies
- the professional review and development processes used in Scottish schools
- the national continuing professional development framework
- the other standards in use in Scottish teacher education and development: the Standard for Full Registration, the Standard for Chartered Teacher, the Standard for Headship
- universities continuing and developing partnerships with education authorities and schools.
Audience
1.6 It is expected that this statement of the SITE will be useful for:
- the student teachers who undertake these programmes
- those involved in designing, approving, validating and accrediting programmes
- those who teach and assess in these programmes, including staff in universities and schools
- those engaged in external examining
- those who are responsible for the assessment, review and monitoring of programmes
- prospective employers
- those who are responsible for building continuing professional development (CPD) on the statements indicated in this subject benchmark statement including those involved in the delivery and management of the Teacher Induction Scheme
- those members of other professions, and the public more generally, who have an interest in the professional education of teachers.
2 The nature and extent of the Standard for Initial Teacher Education
Professionalism
2.1 ITE programmes are concerned with the professional education and development of student teachers, preparing them for work in schools in Scotland and beyond, and acting as a basis for continuing personal and professional development. These programmes are professionally demanding, seeking to ensure that teachers are committed to excellence, professionally responsible and are able to work in a world of change and accountability, in an environment influenced by its social, economic, cultural and political contexts.
Expectations
2.2 The information specifies the expectations of programmes of ITE in Scotland, including those taken as:
- dedicated undergraduate programmes (eg BEd, BTechEd, BMusEd)
- concurrent undergraduate programmes of ITE (eg BA/BSc with Professional Education)
- professional graduate programmes (eg Professional Graduate Diploma of Education (PGDE) Primary and PGDE Secondary).
Level of performance
2.3 The information describes the level of performance expected of student teachers who successfully complete a programme leading to the award of a teaching qualification (primary education), or a teaching qualification (secondary education). Programmes of ITE should enable student teachers to achieve an appropriate threshold level of performance (with such adjustments as may be required under the Disability Discrimination Act 1995) in relation to each of the elements of the SITE. Programmes should also enable student teachers to develop strengths in some of them. Programmes of study should allow student teachers to develop and demonstrate evidence in specific areas with a view to transferring these skills to other areas of their practices as professionals or to be further development through CPD. Those who design and deliver programmes will be expected to take decisions on specific contexts, methods of learning or teaching or approaches to assessment indicating how they relate to the SITE.
3 Programmes of Initial Teacher Education in context
Core professional interests
3.1 Programmes of ITE are dynamic, changing and developing. They prepare student teachers to undertake progressively the professional duties required of teachers, and to reflect on the values and principles underpinning the curriculum, on the purposes of education, and on the nature of the education system, not only to respond to changes in the professional context, but also to contribute to that process of change. The range of core professional interests and requirements for the teacher will include:
- taking a professional responsibility for enabling all young people to become confident individuals, responsible citizens, successful learners and effective contributors
- having a secure knowledge and understanding of the subject area(s) for which (s)he will be responsible
- managing pupil behaviour and the classroom effectively and promoting positive behaviour and respectful relationships in school
- being accountable for contributing to the education of the whole child or young person, and taking professional responsibility for developing the personality, talents and mental, spiritual and physical attributes of each child or young person
- engaging with current educational issues and contributing to the processes of curriculum research and development, staff development and school development
- undertaking a range of approaches to teaching to facilitate the learning of pupils, including the appropriate use of information and communications technology (ICT)
- having confidence in their role in supporting and protecting children, including identifying where children need help and understanding the steps to take in line with child protection procedures
- understanding the legal and professional aspects of a teacher's position of trust in relation to pupils
- promoting equality of opportunity among all people in an inclusive society, and actively taking steps to counter discrimination
- promoting the learning of those pupils who encounter barriers to learning, including those who are in need of additional support in particular areas of the curriculum; and those with emotional and behavioural difficulties
- reporting the success and progress of pupils to parents and other interested parties
- taking responsibility for, and being committed to, their own professional development arising from professional enquiry and reflection on their own and other professional practices, and being involved in collegial professional development with colleagues
- using research and other forms of valid evidence to inform choice, change and priorities in promoting educational practices and progress
- relating appropriately as a developing professional to other teachers, colleagues from other professions, para-professionals and agencies in support of the pupils, and experience of working collaboratively with them
- undertaking administrative duties as required in a school.
It should be noted that these core interests have to be put into practice in different social, cultural, linguistic and educational settings. This will include taking account of the education of children for whom English is an additional language and of Gaelic medium education, as well as denominational education and education in other distinctive contexts.
From the above, it is clear that programmes will involve student teachers spending a significant proportion of time in schools or other relevant educational establishments. As a result, they will have opportunities for direct experience of teaching and caring for children or young people and engaging professionally with other teachers, paraprofessionals, parents and members of other professions.
Key educational principles
3.2 This subject benchmark statement contains statements which represent core professional interests. Other requirements may emerge with time and in the specific contexts in which teachers are working. Since these professional requirements and interests depend on an understanding of key educational principles, programmes of ITE will be expected to:
- draw on a wide range of intellectual resources, theoretical perspectives and academic disciplines to illuminate understanding of education and the contexts within which it takes place
- provide student teachers with a broad and balanced knowledge and understanding of the principal features of education in a wide range of contexts
- encourage student teachers to engage in discussion with pupils
- encourage student teachers to engage with fundamental questions concerning the aims and values of education and its relationship to society
- provide opportunities for student teachers to engage with and draw on educational theory, research, policy and practice
- encourage professional reflection on educational processes in a wide variety of contexts
- develop in student teachers the ability to construct and sustain a reasoned argument about educational issues in a clear, lucid and coherent manner
- promote a range of qualities in student teachers, including intellectual independence and critical engagement with evidence.
4 Learning, teaching and assessment
The processes of learning and teaching
4.1 In programmes of ITE, it is expected that particular attention will be given to the processes of learning and teaching. Universities will work in partnership with schools and other agencies to provide a variety of approaches to learning and teaching so that student teachers will have experience of a wide range of strategies and approaches to education. Programmes will include individualised study as well as active participation in group activities, working with other professionals, and working as part of a team. Particular attention will be paid to the effective use of ICT to facilitate learning and teaching.
School/educational placement-based work
4.2 There will be a significant involvement of student teachers in schools and other educational settings. Learning through working with practising teachers and other professional staff is a central feature of ITE. It is expected that each university will have and continue to develop a scheme to facilitate partnership with local authorities and include independent schools.
Assessment
4.3 The assessment of student teachers will be undertaken using an appropriate range of methods of gathering evidence about their success and progress. It will include the use of data from universities, as well as from schools and other places in which the student teacher is undertaking her/his professional education. Schemes of assessment will be developed as part of the programmes of study for student teachers and these schemes will relate to this benchmark information.
5 Aspects of professional development
Programmes of ITE need to promote three main aspects of professional development:
- professional knowledge and understanding
- professional skills and abilities
- professional values and personal commitment.
The significance of placing these aspects within a triangle is to emphasise that they are not simply lists of competences or outcomes. They are inherently linked to each other in the development of the teacher, and one aspect does not exist independently of the other two. It is this interrelationship among all three which develops the professionalism of the teacher and leads to appropriate professional action. The interrelationship is illustrated in the model below.
The programmes which are developed will be the result of the interaction among these aspects. Each programme will offer a distinctive balance and emphasis but will develop all three. Statements have been produced for each of the aspects. Programmes will be designed to give attention to each of these and to their interaction. The statements incorporate the expected features of student teacher performance in ITE as well as the requirements of academic study.

Figure 1: The interrelationship of the main aspects of professional development
Transferable skills
5.1 Programmes of ITE help student teachers to develop skills which are transferable to other areas of study and professional employment. These transferable skills are not additional to the benchmark statements, but are the outcomes for successful student teachers who have completed a programme which addresses all the elements of the SITE. They are not specified but emerge from the elements of the SITE.
Key elements contained in the SITE
5.2 The elements of the SITE which specify what is expected of a student teacher at the end of ITE and also specify the design requirements for programmes of ITE.
Expected features which are intended to clarify and illustrate aspects of student teacher performance which the programme is designed to achieve. These features will be used by universities in designing assessment strategies to ensure that the requirements for student teacher performance in ITE are met. By the end of programmes of ITE, newly qualified teachers are expected to be responsible for a class of pupils. However, they should continue to receive appropriate support as probationer teachers. During the period of probation, they will be working towards achieving the Standard for Full Registration and becoming fully registered with the GTCS.
The Standard for Initial Teacher Education
1 Professional knowledge and understanding
1.1 Curriculum
| Elements of the SITE | Expected features |
|---|---|
| 1.1.1 Acquire a knowledge and understanding of the relevant area(s) of preschool, primary or secondary school curriculum. | By the end of the programme of ITE, student
teachers will:
|
| 1.1.2 Acquire the knowledge and understanding to fulfil their responsibilities in respect of crosscurricular themes including citizenship, creativity, enterprising attitudes, literacy and numeracy, personal, social and health education, and ICT, as appropriate to the sector and stage of education. | By the end of the programme of ITE, student
teachers will:
|
By the end of the programme of ITE, student teachers
at the pre-school and primary stages will demonstrate:
|
|
By the end of the programme of ITE, student teachers
at the secondary stage will:
|
|
| 1.1.3 Acquire the knowledge and understanding to enable them to plan coherent and progressive teaching programmes, and justify what they teach. | By the end of the programme of ITE, student
teachers will:
|
| 1.1.4 Acquire an understanding of the nature of the curriculum and its development. | By the end of the programme of ITE, student
teachers will:
|
1.2 Education systems and professional responsibilities
| Elements of the SITE | Expected features |
|---|---|
| 1.2.1 Acquire a broad and critical understanding of the principal features of the education system, educational policy and practice. | By the end of the programme of ITE, student
teachers will:
|
| 1.2.2 Acquire a good working knowledge of the sector in which they teach and their professional responsibilities within it. | By the end of the programme of ITE, student teachers will:
|
1.3 Principles and perspectives
| Elements of the SITE | Expected features |
|---|---|
| 1.3.1 Draw on relevant principles, perspectives and theories to inform professional values and practices. | By the end of the programme of ITE, student
teachers will:
|
| 1.3.2 Acquire an understanding of research and its contribution to education. | By the end of the programme of ITE, student teachers
will know how to:
|
2 Professional skills and abilities
2.1 Teaching and learning
| Elements of the SITE | Expected features |
|---|---|
| 2.1.1 Plan coherent, progressive teaching programmes which match their pupils' needs and abilities, and justify what they teach. | By the end of the programme of ITE, student teachers
will demonstrate that they are able to:
|
| 2.1.2 Communicate effectively, using a variety of media, to stimulate pupils and achieve the objectives of lessons. | By the end of the programme of ITE, student teachers
will demonstrate that they:
|
| 2.1.3 Employ a range of teaching strategies and justify their approach. | By the end of the programme of ITE, student teachers
will demonstrate:
|
| 2.1.4 Set expectations and a pace of work which make appropriate demands on all pupils. | By the end of the programme of ITE, student teachers
will demonstrate:
|
| 2.1.5 Work effectively in cooperation with other professionals, staff and parents in order to promote learning. | By the end of the programme of ITE, student teachers
will demonstrate:
|
2.2 Classroom organisation and management
| Elements of the SITE | Expected features |
|---|---|
| 2.2.1 Organise classes and lessons to ensure that all pupils are safe and productively employed when working individually, in groups or as a class. | By the end of the programme of ITE, student teachers
will know:
|
| 2.2.2 Manage pupil behaviour fairly, sensitively and consistently by the use of appropriate rewards and sanctions and know when it is necessary to seek advice. | By the end of the programme of ITE, student
teachers will:
|
2.3 Pupil assessment
| Elements of the SITE | Expected features |
|---|---|
| 2.3.1 Understand and apply the principles of assessment, recording and reporting. | By the end of the programme of ITE, student
teachers will:
|
| 2.3.2 Use the results of assessment to evaluate and improve teaching and to improve standards of attainment. | By the end of the programme of ITE, student
teachers will:
|
2.4 Professional reflection and communication
| Elements of the SITE | Expected features |
|---|---|
| 2.4.1 Access and evaluate professionally relevant literature. | By the end of the programme of ITE, student
teachers will demonstrate that they can:
|
| 2.4.2 Construct and sustain reasoned and coherent arguments about educational matters and professional practices. | By the end of the programme of ITE, student
teachers will demonstrate:
|
| 2.4.3 Reflect on and act to improve the effectiveness of their own practice and contribute to the processes of curriculum development and school development planning. | By the end of the programme of ITE, student teachers
will know how to:
|
3 Professional values and personal commitment
| Elements of the SITE | Expected features |
|---|---|
| 3.1 Value and demonstrate a commitment to social justice, inclusion and protecting and caring for children. | By the end of the programme of ITE, student
teachers will:
|
| 3.2 Value themselves as growing professionals by taking responsibility for their professional learning and development. | By the end of the programme of ITE, student teachers
will demonstrate:
|
| 3.3 Value, respect and show commitment to the communities in which they work. | By the end of the programme of ITE, student
teachers will:
|
ISBN 978 1 84482 740 4
